1) Introduction to Media: 10 questions
2) Media consumption audit
3) Language: Reading an image - advert analysis
4) Reception theory
5) Semiotics: icons, indexes and symbols
6) Genre: Factsheets and genre study questions
7) Narrative: Factsheet questions
8) Audience: classification - psychographics presentation notes
9) October assessment learner response
10) Audience theory 1 - Hypodermic needle/Two-step flow/U&G
11) Audience theory 2 - Bandura and Cohen - moral panic
12) Audience theory: Media Effects factsheet
13) Industries: Ownership and Control
14) Industries: Hesmondhalgh - The Cultural Industries
15) Industries: Public Service Broadcasting
16) Industries: Regulation
Monday, January 14, 2019
Sunday, January 13, 2019
MIGRAIN: Industries - Regulation
Media regulation: blog task
1) What is regulation and why do media industries need to be regulated?
Media regulation: when rules are provides to ensure that organisations operate fairly within the industry.
2) What is OFCOM responsible for?
OFCOM is responsible for regulating broadcasting media in the UK.
3) Look at the section on the OFCOM broadcasting code. Which do you think are the three most important
sections of the broadcasting code and why?
In my opinion, the first most important one of all of these is protecting under 18s. Younger people of this day and age are facing several issues and therefore caused to be very vulnerable and dangerous to several sources on the internet therefore OFCOM must regulate the internet as much of possible to decrease the chance of vulnerability.
The second most important one would be Crime. They should ensure TV isn't romanticising crimes such as rape, but instead use their platform to inform people and bring light to crimes like this and show them how wrong these effects are to carry out these crimes.
The third one I feel is important is Harm and Offence. This ensures that viewers do not feel offended by any issue (such as, age, race, gender or disability etc.) and if they do then they have somewhere to complain and make sure it's dealt with.
4) Do you agree with OFCOM that Channel 4 was wrong to broadcast 'Wolverine' at 6.55pm on a Sunday evening? Why?
To some extent I do agree. I do think that it should've been broadcast-ed at a later time, however, there was a warning placed in the beginning of the film. Most people know that wolverine has violence in it and isn't a very family friendly movie, therefore, Channel 4 isn't entirely in the wrong as at a 6:55pm slot on a Sunday many children and families want to watch a film as a family and therefore makes this a prime slot for kids to watch these films and it is up to the parents as to whether or not there parents want to allow their children to watch the film after seeing the warnings before the film had begun.
5) List five of the sections in the old Press Complaints Commission's Code of Practice.
Section 1: Accuracy
Section 2: Opportunity to Reply
Section 3: Privacy*
Section 4: Harassment*
Section 5: Intrusion Into Grief and Shock
6) Why was the Press Complaints Commission criticised?
It was criticised for a "lack of statutory powers". There was controversy surrounding the regulation of newspapers and what they publish regarding politicians etc.
7) What was the Leveson enquiry and why was it set up?
The Leveson enquiry was set up to investigate into the “culture, practice and ethics of the press". This is due to a phone hacking scandal involving newspapers intercepting royal family related calls illegally.
8) What was the PCC replaced with in 2014?
The Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO).
9) What is your opinion on press regulation? Is a free press an important part of living in a democracy or should newspapers face statutory regulation like TV and radio?
I believe that having free press is an example of the freedom of speech and as said before is a quality of a functional democracy, and removing that freedom can threaten that.
10) Why is the internet so difficult to regulate?
The internet is difficult to regulate due to its size and the international nature of the internet, content can be seen, created and shared anywhere around the world, trying to regulate that kind of traffic is almost impossible, and even if a code was created which helped remove or regulate a certain type of content or aspect of the internet, there will always be loopholes which can be exploited
Media regulation: when rules are provides to ensure that organisations operate fairly within the industry.
2) What is OFCOM responsible for?
OFCOM is responsible for regulating broadcasting media in the UK.
3) Look at the section on the OFCOM broadcasting code. Which do you think are the three most important
sections of the broadcasting code and why?
In my opinion, the first most important one of all of these is protecting under 18s. Younger people of this day and age are facing several issues and therefore caused to be very vulnerable and dangerous to several sources on the internet therefore OFCOM must regulate the internet as much of possible to decrease the chance of vulnerability.
The second most important one would be Crime. They should ensure TV isn't romanticising crimes such as rape, but instead use their platform to inform people and bring light to crimes like this and show them how wrong these effects are to carry out these crimes.
The third one I feel is important is Harm and Offence. This ensures that viewers do not feel offended by any issue (such as, age, race, gender or disability etc.) and if they do then they have somewhere to complain and make sure it's dealt with.
4) Do you agree with OFCOM that Channel 4 was wrong to broadcast 'Wolverine' at 6.55pm on a Sunday evening? Why?
To some extent I do agree. I do think that it should've been broadcast-ed at a later time, however, there was a warning placed in the beginning of the film. Most people know that wolverine has violence in it and isn't a very family friendly movie, therefore, Channel 4 isn't entirely in the wrong as at a 6:55pm slot on a Sunday many children and families want to watch a film as a family and therefore makes this a prime slot for kids to watch these films and it is up to the parents as to whether or not there parents want to allow their children to watch the film after seeing the warnings before the film had begun.
5) List five of the sections in the old Press Complaints Commission's Code of Practice.
Section 1: Accuracy
Section 2: Opportunity to Reply
Section 3: Privacy*
Section 4: Harassment*
Section 5: Intrusion Into Grief and Shock
6) Why was the Press Complaints Commission criticised?
It was criticised for a "lack of statutory powers". There was controversy surrounding the regulation of newspapers and what they publish regarding politicians etc.
The Leveson enquiry was set up to investigate into the “culture, practice and ethics of the press". This is due to a phone hacking scandal involving newspapers intercepting royal family related calls illegally.
8) What was the PCC replaced with in 2014?
The Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO).
I believe that having free press is an example of the freedom of speech and as said before is a quality of a functional democracy, and removing that freedom can threaten that.
10) Why is the internet so difficult to regulate?
The internet is difficult to regulate due to its size and the international nature of the internet, content can be seen, created and shared anywhere around the world, trying to regulate that kind of traffic is almost impossible, and even if a code was created which helped remove or regulate a certain type of content or aspect of the internet, there will always be loopholes which can be exploited
Media and Audiences -The Effects Debate
1) Complete the questions in the first activity box
(beginning with 'Do you play violent games? Are you violent in real life?')
Yes i do tend to play video games in my spare time however personally i believe that i am not a violent person in real life as i believe that i can release all my stress and anger by playing violent video games. As well as by playing certain games it allows me to do things i know i cant do in real life meaning my satisfaction to complete that certain thing is complete meaning i do not have to go and do the same thing the next day as i have completed that already.
2) What are the four categories for different effects theories?
Direct Effect Theories- Media has direct ideas, attitudes and behaviours of audiences.
Diffusion Theories- The way audiences personalise the way they access the content.
Indirect Effect Theories- Focuses on people respond differently to media texts due to the environment they live in.
The Pluralist Approach- Media texts and institutions are free to present their content and audiences are able to freely interpret the content.
3) What are the examples provided for the hypodermic needle theory - where media texts have been blamed for certain events?
Child’s Play – The murder of Jamie Bulger
Marilyn Manson – The Columbine High School shootings
Natural Born Killers – a number of murders committed by romantically linked couples.
6) What does Gerbner's Cultivation theory suggest?
The ideas and values viewed by audiences in a repetitive nature become to be a norm due to viewing the content and becoming susceptible to the content. For example, audiences become desensitised towards negative or violent representations.
7) How does this front page of the Daily Mail (from this week - Wednesday 16 November) link to Cultivation theory? The Mail Online version of the story is here.
As it sates that in our modern age more younger audiences are being glued to tv screens and do not want to do anything else but watch their tv shows as media has improved drastically from the olden days now they new way fro kids to be entertained is through sitting at a screen.
8) What does the factsheet suggest about action films and the values and ideologies that are reinforced with regards to violence?
Violence is described to give audiences a different perspective of how audiences know what is right and how to react in certain situations. This also means that we should try and restrict these scenes from younger children as this will have psychological effect on them, however also may suffice older ages temptations to go out and do this therefore can get satisfaction from seeing others do this.
9) What criticisms of direct effect theories are suggested in the factsheet?
10) Why might the 1970s sitcom Love Thy Neighbour be considered so controversial today? What does this tell us about Reception theory and how audiences create meanings?
Some texts from the past seem very strange to us. A very popular sitcom in the 1970s called Love Thy Neighbour appears to many modern viewers, racist and offensive. Times have changed and so have people’s attitudes and values. What was acceptable as the topic for comedy some decades ago, no longer is.
11) What examples are provided for Hall's theory of preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings?
• The Sun and The Guardian may report the same ‘facts’ very differently
• Media producers can never guarantee that all audience members will interpret (decode) information in the same way
(beginning with 'Do you play violent games? Are you violent in real life?')
Yes i do tend to play video games in my spare time however personally i believe that i am not a violent person in real life as i believe that i can release all my stress and anger by playing violent video games. As well as by playing certain games it allows me to do things i know i cant do in real life meaning my satisfaction to complete that certain thing is complete meaning i do not have to go and do the same thing the next day as i have completed that already.
2) What are the four categories for different effects theories?
Direct Effect Theories- Media has direct ideas, attitudes and behaviours of audiences.
Diffusion Theories- The way audiences personalise the way they access the content.
Indirect Effect Theories- Focuses on people respond differently to media texts due to the environment they live in.
The Pluralist Approach- Media texts and institutions are free to present their content and audiences are able to freely interpret the content.
3) What are the examples provided for the hypodermic needle theory - where media texts have been blamed for certain events?
Child’s Play – The murder of Jamie Bulger
Marilyn Manson – The Columbine High School shootings
Natural Born Killers – a number of murders committed by romantically linked couples.
6) What does Gerbner's Cultivation theory suggest?
The ideas and values viewed by audiences in a repetitive nature become to be a norm due to viewing the content and becoming susceptible to the content. For example, audiences become desensitised towards negative or violent representations.
7) How does this front page of the Daily Mail (from this week - Wednesday 16 November) link to Cultivation theory? The Mail Online version of the story is here.
As it sates that in our modern age more younger audiences are being glued to tv screens and do not want to do anything else but watch their tv shows as media has improved drastically from the olden days now they new way fro kids to be entertained is through sitting at a screen.
8) What does the factsheet suggest about action films and the values and ideologies that are reinforced with regards to violence?
Violence is described to give audiences a different perspective of how audiences know what is right and how to react in certain situations. This also means that we should try and restrict these scenes from younger children as this will have psychological effect on them, however also may suffice older ages temptations to go out and do this therefore can get satisfaction from seeing others do this.
9) What criticisms of direct effect theories are suggested in the factsheet?
This theory identifies the media as being a negative influence but
does not consider forms of ‘high art’ in the same way. Some of Shakespeare’s plays are extremely violent but are not seen to be a problem whereas games and television programmes are open to criticism.
10) Why might the 1970s sitcom Love Thy Neighbour be considered so controversial today? What does this tell us about Reception theory and how audiences create meanings?
Some texts from the past seem very strange to us. A very popular sitcom in the 1970s called Love Thy Neighbour appears to many modern viewers, racist and offensive. Times have changed and so have people’s attitudes and values. What was acceptable as the topic for comedy some decades ago, no longer is.
11) What examples are provided for Hall's theory of preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings?
• The Sun and The Guardian may report the same ‘facts’ very differently
• Media producers can never guarantee that all audience members will interpret (decode) information in the same way
MIGRAIN: Industries - Public service broadcasting
Ofcom report
Read the first few pages of this Ofcom report into Public Service Broadcasting in 2017.
1) How does the report suggest that TV viewing is changing?
People are viewing content in different ways e.g. Netflix and BBC IPlayer. Young adults watch a lot of non PSB content. Only 85% of the world are viewing pubic service broadcasting channels since the new generation are obsessed with digital media
2) What differences are highlighted between younger and older viewers?
Viewers aged 65+ watched an average of 5 hours and 44 minutes in 2016 wheras 16-24 year olds watched an average of 1 hour and 54 minutes in 2016 which is 43 minutes less than in 2012.
3) Does the report suggest audiences are satisfied with public service broadcasting TV channels?
78% of viewers of PSB channels claim to be satisfied with the broadcasting which shows that majority of audiences are satisfied with PSB TV channels
4) Public service broadcasting channels are a major aspect of the UK cultural industries. How much money did PSB channels spend on UK-originated content in 2016? PSB channels spent a total of 2.6 billion on first run UK originated content in 2016
Goldsmiths report
Read this report from Goldsmiths University - A future for public service television: content and platforms in a digital world.
1) What does the report state has changed in the UK television market in the last 20 years?Public servicing has been central to its evolution, broadcasting has been shaped by specific public interventions that have expanded the idea of public services. In addition, ITV has been transformed over the past 25 years as a result of the changes introduced by the 1990 Broadcasting Act.
2) Look at page 4. What are the principles that the report suggests need to be embedded in regulation of public service broadcasting in future?
The different principles are independence, universality, citizenship, quality and diversity need to be put into the regulation and funding of an emerging digital media landscape
3) What does the report say about the BBC?
The BBC is the most important of the television ecology, but the model of universality underpinning its public service credentials is under threat. The BBC has been contracting
4) According to the report, how should the BBC be funded in future?
The government should replace the licence fee as soon as it's practically possible with a more progressive funding mechanism. such as a tiered platform-neutral household fee a supplement to Council Tax or funding via general taxation with appropriate parliamentary safeguards.
5) What does the report say about Channel 4?
Channel 4 occupies a critical place in the public service ecology-supporting the independent production sector and airing content aimed specifically at diverse audience. Its remit has remained flexible and it has moved with the times.
6) How should Channel 4 operate in future?
Channel 4 should not be privatised-neither in full or in part. Channel 4 should increase its provision for older children and young adults and restore some of the arts programming that has been in decline in recent years. Channel 4 should continue to innovate and experiment across different platforms and it should aim to arrest the fall in the number of independent suppliers that it works with.
7) Look at page 10 - new kids on the block. What does the report say about new digital content providers and their link to public service broadcasting?
To increase the levels, quality and security of this provision, it is proposed there will be a new fund set up for public service content. This would consist of a series of digital innovation grants that would be open to cultural institutions and small organisations that are not already engaged in commercial operations.
Final questions - your opinion on public service broadcasting
1) Should the BBC retain its position as the UK’s public service broadcaster?
Yes I believe so as it is still really popular throughout the UK and many large shows that people love to watch are still airing to this day which continues to increase its popularity
2) Is there a role for the BBC in the 21st century digital world?
I think there is still a major role for BBC as they have the digital media app BBC IPlayer which many people use a lot more than the TV channel as they can go back and watch episodes they have missed and it is a lot easier to browse different shows and find information on them
Read the first few pages of this Ofcom report into Public Service Broadcasting in 2017.
1) How does the report suggest that TV viewing is changing?
People are viewing content in different ways e.g. Netflix and BBC IPlayer. Young adults watch a lot of non PSB content. Only 85% of the world are viewing pubic service broadcasting channels since the new generation are obsessed with digital media
2) What differences are highlighted between younger and older viewers?
Viewers aged 65+ watched an average of 5 hours and 44 minutes in 2016 wheras 16-24 year olds watched an average of 1 hour and 54 minutes in 2016 which is 43 minutes less than in 2012.
3) Does the report suggest audiences are satisfied with public service broadcasting TV channels?
78% of viewers of PSB channels claim to be satisfied with the broadcasting which shows that majority of audiences are satisfied with PSB TV channels
4) Public service broadcasting channels are a major aspect of the UK cultural industries. How much money did PSB channels spend on UK-originated content in 2016? PSB channels spent a total of 2.6 billion on first run UK originated content in 2016
Goldsmiths report
Read this report from Goldsmiths University - A future for public service television: content and platforms in a digital world.
1) What does the report state has changed in the UK television market in the last 20 years?Public servicing has been central to its evolution, broadcasting has been shaped by specific public interventions that have expanded the idea of public services. In addition, ITV has been transformed over the past 25 years as a result of the changes introduced by the 1990 Broadcasting Act.
2) Look at page 4. What are the principles that the report suggests need to be embedded in regulation of public service broadcasting in future?
The different principles are independence, universality, citizenship, quality and diversity need to be put into the regulation and funding of an emerging digital media landscape
3) What does the report say about the BBC?
The BBC is the most important of the television ecology, but the model of universality underpinning its public service credentials is under threat. The BBC has been contracting
4) According to the report, how should the BBC be funded in future?
The government should replace the licence fee as soon as it's practically possible with a more progressive funding mechanism. such as a tiered platform-neutral household fee a supplement to Council Tax or funding via general taxation with appropriate parliamentary safeguards.
5) What does the report say about Channel 4?
Channel 4 occupies a critical place in the public service ecology-supporting the independent production sector and airing content aimed specifically at diverse audience. Its remit has remained flexible and it has moved with the times.
6) How should Channel 4 operate in future?
Channel 4 should not be privatised-neither in full or in part. Channel 4 should increase its provision for older children and young adults and restore some of the arts programming that has been in decline in recent years. Channel 4 should continue to innovate and experiment across different platforms and it should aim to arrest the fall in the number of independent suppliers that it works with.
7) Look at page 10 - new kids on the block. What does the report say about new digital content providers and their link to public service broadcasting?
To increase the levels, quality and security of this provision, it is proposed there will be a new fund set up for public service content. This would consist of a series of digital innovation grants that would be open to cultural institutions and small organisations that are not already engaged in commercial operations.
Final questions - your opinion on public service broadcasting
1) Should the BBC retain its position as the UK’s public service broadcaster?
Yes I believe so as it is still really popular throughout the UK and many large shows that people love to watch are still airing to this day which continues to increase its popularity
2) Is there a role for the BBC in the 21st century digital world?
I think there is still a major role for BBC as they have the digital media app BBC IPlayer which many people use a lot more than the TV channel as they can go back and watch episodes they have missed and it is a lot easier to browse different shows and find information on them
Tuesday, January 8, 2019
MIGRAIN: Industries - Brand values
Brand values task 100-10-1
Choose THREE brands. For EACH brand:
1) Sum up the brand values in 100 words, making reference to Dyer’s lines of appeal.
2) Distil the brand values into one sentence of no more than 10 words.
3) Sum up the brand in ONE word.
Example: Starbucks
1) The Starbucks brand is clever because it comes across as a friendly, local-style company when it is in fact a massive global business. Its brand values would be about quality, lifestyle and a personal touch. Starbucks could fit into several of Dyer’s lines of appeal: Happy families - everyone wants to belong, hence Starbucks asking your name when you order. It could also fit into Successful careers – Starbucks is for hard-working, successful people who want to enjoy life. Finally, Self-importance and pride links to Starbucks taking coffee seriously and its employees and customers having genuine passion for the brand. (100 words)
2) The Starbucks brand is about quality with a personal touch.
3) Starbucks in one word: Passion.
ASOS
Asos is a online company which sells clothes and shoes and etc. They sell a lot of brands as well for a cheaper prices but they sell plus size clothing. This is a good thing because they cater for everyone and they are a well known online website. Asos fits into Dyer's line of appeal which is self importance and pride because they allow Plus size people to be fashionable and keep up with the latest trends by selling clothes for them.
Asos is about affordability and clothing for everyone.
Asos: Value
Apple
Apple is a company that sells tech such as phones, iPad's, computers and more. Apple would fit into several of Dyer's line of appeals: Rich, luxurious lifestyles, elite people or experts and finally, successful careers. Apple is a inventive, imaginative and creative brand, coming across to customers around the world as a intelligent modern business making the use of smartphones much more efficient and enabling it to provide a wider range of use, for example allowing banks to create apps on the app stores so customers can access their bank online rather than having to visit a branch.
Apple is about high quality high price.
Apple: Quality
Choose THREE brands. For EACH brand:
1) Sum up the brand values in 100 words, making reference to Dyer’s lines of appeal.
2) Distil the brand values into one sentence of no more than 10 words.
3) Sum up the brand in ONE word.
Example: Starbucks
1) The Starbucks brand is clever because it comes across as a friendly, local-style company when it is in fact a massive global business. Its brand values would be about quality, lifestyle and a personal touch. Starbucks could fit into several of Dyer’s lines of appeal: Happy families - everyone wants to belong, hence Starbucks asking your name when you order. It could also fit into Successful careers – Starbucks is for hard-working, successful people who want to enjoy life. Finally, Self-importance and pride links to Starbucks taking coffee seriously and its employees and customers having genuine passion for the brand. (100 words)
2) The Starbucks brand is about quality with a personal touch.
3) Starbucks in one word: Passion.
ASOS
Asos is a online company which sells clothes and shoes and etc. They sell a lot of brands as well for a cheaper prices but they sell plus size clothing. This is a good thing because they cater for everyone and they are a well known online website. Asos fits into Dyer's line of appeal which is self importance and pride because they allow Plus size people to be fashionable and keep up with the latest trends by selling clothes for them.
Asos is about affordability and clothing for everyone.
Asos: Value
Apple
Apple is a company that sells tech such as phones, iPad's, computers and more. Apple would fit into several of Dyer's line of appeals: Rich, luxurious lifestyles, elite people or experts and finally, successful careers. Apple is a inventive, imaginative and creative brand, coming across to customers around the world as a intelligent modern business making the use of smartphones much more efficient and enabling it to provide a wider range of use, for example allowing banks to create apps on the app stores so customers can access their bank online rather than having to visit a branch.
Apple is about high quality high price.
Apple: Quality
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